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Aspartame controversy
The artificial sweetener aspartame has been the subject of several controversies since its initial approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1974. The FDA approval of aspartame was highly contested,〔 with critics alleging that the quality of the initial research supporting its safety was inadequate and flawed and that conflicts of interest marred the 1981 approval of aspartame.〔 In 1987, the U.S. Government Accountability Office concluded that the food additive approval process had been followed properly for aspartame.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Six Former HHS Employees' Involvement in Aspartame's Approval GAO/HRD-86-109BR )〕 The irregularities fueled a conspiracy theory, which circulated along with claims, counter to the weight of medical evidence, that numerous health conditions (such as multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus, methanol toxicity, blindness, spasms, shooting pains, seizures, headaches, depression, anxiety, memory loss, birth defects, and death〔) are caused by the consumption of aspartame in normal doses in the "Nancy Markle" email hoax.〔〔〔
Potential health risks have been examined and dismissed by numerous scientific research projects. With the exception of the risk to those with phenylketonuria, aspartame is considered to be a safe food additive by governments worldwide and major health and food safety organizations.〔〔〔 FDA officials describe aspartame as "one of the most thoroughly tested and studied food additives the agency has ever approved" and its safety as "clear cut."〔 The weight of existing scientific evidence indicates that aspartame is safe as a non-nutritive sweetener.
==Origins==
The controversy over aspartame safety originated in perceived irregularities in the aspartame approval process during the 1970s and early 1980s, including allegations of a revolving door relationship between regulators and industry and claims that aspartame producer G.D. Searle had withheld and falsified safety data. In 1996, the controversy reached a wider audience with a ''60 Minutes'' report that discussed criticisms of the FDA approval process and concerns that aspartame could cause brain tumors in humans. The ''60 Minutes'' special stated that "aspartame's approval was one of the most contested in FDA history."〔
Around the same time, a Usenet post was widely circulated under the pen name "Nancy Markle", creating the basis for a misleading and unverifiable hoax chain letter that was spread through the Internet.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Aspartame Warning ) – the Nancy Markle chain email.〕 Numerous websites have spread the email's claims, which were not backed by scientific evidence, about safety issues purportedly linked to aspartame, including Gulf War Syndrome and lupus.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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